00055--Briefly discuss Dr. Johnson's Theory of Criticism.

            Dr. Johnson was a classicist with a certain degree of flexibility in his critical theory.  He wrote no regular critical treatise.  His critical observations are found in some of his papers published in the 'Rambler' and 'Rasselas', and in his 'Preface to the plays of Shakespeare' and 'Lives of the Poets'.  His critical theory was basically classical but he did not adhere slavishly to the principles laid down by the ancients.  To the classical theory he also added his own personal view together with the historical and biographical approach.  He himself said that he sought "to determine upon principles the merit of composition.  He equated unguided taste with 'Caprice' and considered unprincipled criticism 'haphazard'.  He believed that the rules laid down by the ancients must be subject to change, for "every new genius produces some innovation which, when invented and approved, subverts the rules which the practice of foregoing authors had established".

            Dr. Johnson said, "The arbitrary edicts of legislators who, out of various means by which the same end may be attained, selected such as happened to occur to their own reflection".  Their application cannot be universal.  He admitted that some of those principles were "fundamental and indispensable" and must be adhered to.  A true critic should "neither violate essential principles by a desire of novelty, nor debar himself from the attainment of beauties within his view by a needless fear of breaking the rules".

            According to Johnson, the historical conditions, the background of the age, and the biographical factors must be taken into consideration when evaluating the work of an author.  This is what he does in The Lives of the Poets which is his most outstanding biographical and critical work.

00075--What is Dr. Samuel Johnson's 'Doctrinal Classicism'?

                                                         

Dr.Samuel Johnson

                                      

            Johnson eminently represents the persistence of classical dogma.  He belongs to the older, traditional, school of criticism, and its authority being undermined by the rising romantic school he felt a need to assert its principles and justify it.  Dr. Johnson is the spokesman of the classical school, he asserts effectively its doctrines, and hence Legouise and Cazamian call his classicism, 'Doctrinal Classicism'.  He was well-steeped in the writers of antiquity which had formed his reading since earliest times, and so his classicism is based on habit, upon the impression of the youth.

            A respect for tradition is innate in him.  He has a fear of, or contempt for all innovations, and his criticism everywhere reflects his search for stability, discipline and order.  He throws all the force of his vigorous and towering personality in the defense of tradition, order, discipline and authority.  It is largely owing to his sovereign influence that the reign of classicism is prolonged and the new spirit is kept down, though it continues to work beneath the surface.  He was the literary dictator of his age and his influence did much to determine and shape critical theory of the age.

00056--Discuss Dr. Johnson's historical approach to criticism.

Rising above the classical approach to criticism, Dr. Johnson also developed and practised historical approach to criticism.   This does not in anyway mean that Dr.  Johnson over ruled the classical principles.  It only means that he added historical approach wherever this led to the better evaluation of a literary work.  He holds that every literary work is conditioned by the historical background and the author's age and environment.  No literary work can be correctly evaluated without taking into consideration "the genius of the age and nation in which the author lived".

            Dr. Johnson says, "To judge rightly of an author, we must transport ourselves to his time, and examine what were the wants of his contemporaries, and what were his means of supplying them."  What may be essential at one time may become superfluous at another time.  The author's biographical conditions, his opportunities and limitations are essential to consider in order to form a correct estimate of his performance.  In other words, the historical estimate is an important factor in the real estimate of an author.  Without taking into consideration the socio-religious conditions of fourteenth century England, our evaluation of Chaucer, as a writer, would be grossly wrong.  In the same way we cannot correctly evaluate the literature of the Restoration Age without placing it in the age of Charles II and the morals he brought in from France.  While evaluating Milton, we must know his handicaps, his blindness, his opposition on religious and political grounds and how he overcomes them simply by his genius.  Then only we would know his real greatness as a poet.

00058--Briefly explain/analyse Dr. Johnson's views on Drama and its art.

            In his analysis of dramatic art, Dr. Johnson has given his views on all debatable points such as the dramatic unities, dramatic pleasure, and the tragicomedies. 

→        First of all he says that drama must be "a faithful mirror of manners and of life.  It should present human sentiments in human language.  The story of drama must be true of life, but it must not be the story of one man or a few men, but of a wide section of humanity.  Shakespeare's plays are great because each play is a miniature picture of any one aspect of the whole of humanity. 

→        So far as Dramatic unities are concerned, Dr. Johnson approved of only one unity – the unity of Action.  This is necessary to make the plot complete and one whole.  There would be utter chaos if there were many actions leading to different ends.  In a good play all the actions should join together and lead to one desired end.  So far as the unities of Time and Place are concerned, he finds them unnecessary and highly undesirable. 

            The stage in a play is an imaginary platform.  It is neither a real Rome nor a real Alexandria, and therefore the shifting of scenes from one place to another is also an imaginative process.  So is the case with the passage of time.  The audience imaginatively travels from place to place, and passes days and years through the same process of imagination.  After all, a play is not a literal picture but an imaginative recreation of life.  In the same way he defends tragicomedy.  Life itself is a mingling of tragic and comic occurrences.  Moreover, tragic and comic scenes throw each other into greater relief by contrast.  Therefore there is nothing unnatural or inartistic in a tragicomedy.

00057--Discuss Dr. Johnson's comments on various forms of poetry.

            Dr. Johnson had his own views on the various forms of poetry.  He graded different forms of poetry according to his estimation of each.  He considered the epic to be the highest form of poetry.         "By the general consent of critics", he says, "the first praise of genius is due to the writer of an epic poem, as it requires an assemblage of all the powers which are singly sufficient for other compositions.  Epic poetry undertakes to teach the most important truths by the most pleasing precepts, and therefore relates some great events in the most affecting manner."  Tragedy comes next only to the epic, primarily on account of its cathartic effect.  But Dr. Johnson does not go to that extent.

            Among the verse forms which he placed lowest in their merit are the pastoral and the Pindaric Ode.  The pastoral may have pleased the public in ancient times by its realistic pictures of the countryside-hills, valleys, streams, shepherds and their flock.  But now these objects have lost their charms.  It is now highly artificial to presume that the poet is a shepherd living in pastoral dales with his flock of sheep and lambs, and whining away his time on his flute.  It is on account of his artificial imagery that he condemns Milton's famous pastoral elegy Lycidas.  About Lycidas he says, "In this poem there is no nature, for there is no truth; there is no art, for there is nothing new.  Its form is that of a pastoral, easy, vulgar, and therefore disgusting".  Almost for the same reason he considered the Pindaric Ode unsuited to modern conditions,  It may have suited the particular occasions in ancient Greece, for which it was intended, but now it is merely a form without any substance today.

00190--UGC-NET, English Literature Objective Type Question Answers 61 to 75

.

61)      “…the error of evaluating a poem by its effects—especially its emotional effects—upon the reader” is:

A.      Affective Fallacy

B.      Intentional Fallacy

C.      Both A and B

D.     Pathetic Fallacy

Answer: …………………………………………

62)      Match A with B

                        A                                             B

a. Robert Penn Warren                   1. Ode to the Confederate Dead

b. Allen Tate                                     2. Understanding Poetry

c. John Crowe Ransom              3. Literary Criticism: A Short History

d. W.K. Wimsatt                                       4. The New Criticism

A.      a-4, b-3, c-1, d-2

B.      a-2, b-4, c-3, d-1

C.      a-2, b-1, c-4, d-3

D.     a-1, d-4, c-2, d-3

Answer: ……………………………………………

63)      Marlowe’s all four great tragedies share two features in common.  Which are they?

1.      Magic Realism

2.      Theme of overreaching

3.      Blank Verse

4.      Romantic presentation

A.      Only 1, 2 and 3

B.      Only 3 and 4

C.      Only 2, 3 and 4

D.     Only 2 and 3

Answer: ………………………………………..

64) Who said that the writer should be “outside the whale”, because otherwise, the state or society could swallow the writer up, as the whale had swallowed Jonah.

A.      Andrew Marvell

B.      S.T.Coleridge

C.      T.S.Eliot

D.     George Orwell

Answer: ……………………………..

65) “I have used similitude.” Who said this about his which work?

A.      Thomas Hobbes about ‘Leviathan’.

B.      Bunyan about ‘The Pilgrim’s Progress’

C.      Milton about ‘Paradise Lost’

D.     Alexander Pope about ‘The Dunciad’

Answer: …………………………………

66)   Which of the following is wrong?

A.      Jonathan Swift—A Modest Proposal—Pamphlet—1728

B.      Samuel Johnson—The Vanity of Human Wishes—Imitation of Juvenal’s 10^th satire

C.      Robinson Crusoe—Friday—Colonialism

D.     Henry Feilding—Tom Jones—Story of a foundling

Answer: ……………………………………….

67) The two gentlemen in the Two Gentlemen of Verona are
(a) Douglas and Calvin
(b) Valentine and Protons
(c) Henry Bailey and Davenant
(d) Lovelace and Herrick
Answer: …………………………….
68) Who popularized the inductive method for arriving at a conclusion through his Novum Organum?
(a) Ben Jonson
(b) Francis Bacon
(c) Addison and Steele
(d) Dr. Johnson
Answer: …………………….
69)  Thomas Hardy’s life and career are obliquely depicted in:
A. The Return of the Native
B. Jude the Obscure
C. Tess of the d’ Urbervilles
D. The Mayor of Casterbridge
Answer: …………………………….
70) Which of the following statements is/are wrong based on the novel “Heart of Darkness”?
1. Kurtz pretends to be mad.
2. The novel opens on the mouth of the Thames.
3. Marlow is the hero-narrator of the tale
4. Chinu Achebe denounced this novel as “bloody racist”.

A. Only 1
B. Only 2
C. Only 3 and4
D. Only 4
Answer: ………………….

71)       “The humblest craftsman over near the Aemilian school will model fingernails and imitate waving hair in bronze; but the total work will be unhappy because he does not know how to represent it as a unified whole. I should no more wish to be like him, if I desired to compose something, than to be praised for my dark hair and eyes and yet go through life with my nose turned awry. You who write, take a subject equal to your powers, and consider at length how much your shoulders can bear. Neither proper words nor lucid order will be lacking to the writer who chooses a subject within his powers. The excellence and charm of the arrangement, I believe, consists in the ability to say only what needs to be said at the time, deferring or omitting many points for the moment. The author of the long-promised poem must accept and reject as he proceeds.”

Horace here:

A.      Gives advice

B.      Criticises

C.      Evaluates

D.     Inspires

Answer: ……………………..

72)      “The ancient poets animated all sensible objects with gods or geniuses, calling them by the names and adorning them with the properties of woods, rivers, mountains, lakes, cities, nations, and whatever their enlarged and numerous senses could perceive.

“And particularly they studied the genius of each city and country, placing it under its mental deity.

“Till a system was formed, which some took advantage of, and enslaved the vulgar by attempting to realize or abstract the mental deities from their objects: thus began priesthood; choosing forms of worship from poetic tales.

“And at length they pronounced that the gods had ordered such things.

“Thus men forgot that all deities reside in the human breast.

                                    ……………….

Who speaks here?

A.      Addison

B.      Matthew Arnold

C.      William Blake

D.     Alexander Pope

Answer: ………………………………….

73)      “I had not a dispute but a disquisition with Dilke on various subjects; several things dovetailed in my mind, and at once it struck me what quality went to form a man of achievement especially in literature and which Shakespeare possessed so enormously-I mean negative capability, that is when a man is capable of being in uncertainties, mysteries, doubts, without any irritable reaching after fact and reason-Coleridge, for instance, would let go by a fine isolated verisimilitude caught from the penetralium of mystery, from being incapable of remaining content with half-knowledge.”

This is taken:

A.  from Letter to Benjamin Bailey.

A.      from Letter to George and Thomas Keats .

B.      from Letter to John Taylor .

C.      from Letter to Richard Woodhouse.

Answer: ……………………..

74)      Well, we are all condamnes. as Victor Hugo says: "les hommes sont tous condamnes a mort avec des sursis indejinis ":  we have an interval, and then our place knows us no more. Some spend this interval in listlessness, some in high passions, the wisest in art and song. For our one chance is in expanding that interval, in getting as many pulsations as possible into the given time. High passions give one this quickened sense of life, ecstasy and sorrow of love, political or religious enthusiasm. or the "enthusiasm of humanity." Only, be sure it is passion, that it does yield you this fruit of a quickened, multiplied consciousness. Of this wisdom, the poetic passion, the desire of beauty, the love of art for art's sake has most; for art comes to you professing frankly to give nothing but the highest quality to your moments as they pass, and simply for those moments' sake.

This is from:

A. Is There a Text in This Class?

B. The Contingency of Language

C. Studies in the History of the Renaissance

D. The Metaphoric and Metonymic Poles

Answer: ………………………….

75)            Or, after dark, will dubious women come

               To make their children touch a particular stone;

               Pick simples for a cancer; or on some

               Advised night see walking a dead one?

               Power of some sort will go on

               In games, in riddles, seemingly at random;

               But superstition, like belief, must die,

               And what remains when disbelief has gone?

This is taken from Philip Larkin’s 

A.      The Less Deceived

B.      An Arundel Tomb

C.      Church Going

D.     Toads

Answer: …………………………….

ANSWERS:

61-A
62-C
63-D
64-D
65-B
66-A
67-B
68-B
69-B
70-A
71-A
72-C
73-B
74-C
75-C

00189--UGC-NET, English Literature Objective Type Question Answers 51 to 60

51) Marlowe's tragedies are:
A. tragedies of noble men
B. love tragedies
C. one-man tragedies
D. revenge plays
Answer: …………………………….
52)  Who coined the phrase, "Marlowe's mighty line"?
A.  Ben Jonson
B.  Samuel Johnson
C.  R.L. Stevenson
D.  Richard Steele
Answer: ………………………………..
53)      Out of the four chief dialects that flourished in the pre-Chaucerian period, the one that became the standard English in Chaucer's time is:
A. the Northern
B. the East-Midland
C. the West-Midland
D. the Southern
Answer: ……………………..
54)      Which of the following statements is incor­rect regarding medieval literature?
A. Allegory was frequent and usual
B. The dream-vision convention was preva­lent
C. Chaucer exploited the dream-vision con­vention in The Canterbury Tales.
D. There was often an undercurrent of moral and dialectic strain.
Answer: …………………………………..
55) In Prologue and Canterbury Tales Chaucer employed the
A. Ottawa Rhyme
B. Rhyme Royal
C. Heroic Couplet
D. Both A and C
Answer: …………………………………………..
56) Chaucer has been criticized for presenting an incomplete picture of his times, because
A. he overemphasizes the rights of the lower class
B. he exaggerates the courtly benevolence
C. he writes for the court and cultivated clas­ses and neglects the suffering of the poor
D. he supports the Lolland and the Peas­ant Revolution too fervently
Answer: …………………………………………..
57) Which of the following are correctly matched?
a. Captain Singleton                1. a sailor
b. Moll Flanders                      2. a prostitute
c. Colonel Jack                           3. a valiant solider
d. Cavalier                              4. a prince
A. Only a-1 and b-2
B. Only b-2
C. Only c-3 and d-4
D. Only d-4
Answer: ………………….

58) " Lunatics, lovers, and poets all are ruled by their overactive imaginations. " These words of Shakespeare are taken from:
A. Love's Labor Lost
B.  Hamlet
C. Henry IV
D. Midsummer Night's Dream
Answer:……………………………………
59)       An author sums up the human condition thus, "human life is everywhere a state, in which much is to be endured and little to be enjoyed." Who said this and where?
A. Alexander Pope - Essay on Man
B.  Oliver Goldsmith - The Vicar of Wakefield
C.  Albert Camus - The Stranger
D.  Dr. Johnson – Rasselas
Answer: …………………………..

60)       “Yet if the only form of tradition, of handing down, consisted in following the ways of the immediate generation before us in a blind or timid adherence to its successes, ''tradition" should positively be discouraged. We have seen many such simple currents soon lo.st in the sand; and novelty is better than repetition. Tradition is a matter of much wider significance. Ii cannot be inherited, and if you want it you must obtain it by great labor.”

A.      T.S.Eliot

B.      Alexander Pope

C.      P.B.Shelley

D.     Matthew Arnold

Answer: …………………………………………

51- C

52- A

53- B

54- C

55- C

56- C

57-A

58-D

59-D

60-A

00472--IGNITED MINDS: UNLEASHING THE POWER WITHIN INDIA / APJ ABDUL KALAM /PENGUIN BOOKS /BOOK REVIEW /SUMMARY

TITLE: IGNITED MINDS: UNLEASHING THE POWER WITHIN INDIA

AUTHOR: APJ ABDUL KALAM

PUBLISHER:PENGUIN BOOKS

APJ Abdul Kalam's book Ignited Minds is but the reflection of the mind of a great visionary and humanist. The very name of APJ has now become the synonym for optimism and hope. If one looks deeper it is love that makes him dream for us. This book is the manifestation of positive energy, and as you move along with Kalam you realise that the annihilation of negative energy is happening. There is perfect harmony between the author and his work; a great author and a great work. It is said that Johnson the man was greater than Johnson the writer. But Shakespeare's works are great in themselves. Here Kalam's work Ignited minds is great in itself.

In the preface Kalam writes: “This book is all about breaking away from the forces that would prefer us to remain a nation of a billion people selling cheap labour and raw materials and providing a large market for goods and services of other nations.” He continues, “As it is said, Thinking is the capital, Enterprise is the way, Hard work is the solution.” Kalam himself tells us about the style of writing he used in the book and in a way justifies that the message which needs to be conveyed requires such a style. He writes: “ You will find in this book plain speaking: Surge ahead as a developed nation or perish in perpetual poverty, subservient to a few countries that control the world politically and economically.”

The book is divided into nine chapters:

1.The Dream and the Message,

2. Give Us a Role Model,

3. Visionary Teachers and Scientists,

4. Learning from Saints and Seers,

5.Patriotism beyond Politics and Religion,

6. The Knowledge Society,

7. Getting the Forces Together,

8. Building a New State, and,

9. To My Countrymen.

The Dream and the Message

On 30 September 2001, Kalam was on his way to Bokaro from Ranchi in Jharkhand and the helicopter carrying him crashed just before landing, but all the passengers escaped miraculously. Despite the incident Kalam went ahead with his programme. At night he took a tranquillizer as the doctors persuaded him to do so. The drug made him sleep longer though he woke up at night and fell into a dream like thought; a thought that was centred on the humanity. Five great men took part in that thought process and they spoke out their minds. Mahatma Gandhi, Albert Einstein, Emperor Asoka, Abraham Lincoln and Caliph Omar were these great men. Each of them shared their views on humanity in general and as their importance that spreads beyond their time and social context these views sound universal.

Kalam discusses different stages in one's life:

1. athlete stage,
2. warrior stage,
3. states-person stage, and,
4. spirit age.

These stages in a man's life is also applicable to a state. Kalam logically describes how a nation passes through these stages. It is amusing that he calls himself a rocket man! Here he narrates his journey as a rocket man living these stages one by one (being in his fourth stage). He would like to converse with the school children for he believes they are tomorrow's India. He ends the chapter saying,”How can we make up for missed opportunities and the failures of the past?”

Give Us a Role Model

India is spiritual and the west is materialistic, Kalam believes that the progress of the developed nations is due to their way of thinking that they must live a good life in a strong and prosperous nation . He emphasises the need for change in India's way of thinking which views wealth and progress as opposite to virtue and spirituality. "I do not think that abundance and spirituality are mutually exclusive or that it is wrong to desire material things."  One can lead a life of asceticism but this should be out of choice and not because one is forced to do so.  "This was the basis of my decision to contact our young. To know their dreams and tell them that it is perfectly all right to  dream of a good life..."

Kalam met students in Tripura, and their question was that where do they get a role model from.  Father, mother and school teacher are the first role models for an individual, Kalam explains his this notion with examples.  'Why dream?' was another question asked to Kalam referring to his book Wings of Fire.  'Dream transforms into thoughts.  Thought result in actions', was his reply.   

Visionary Leaders and Scientists

Kalam shares with us his thoughts about some ancient mathematicians like  Aryabhata, Brahmagupta and Bhaskaracharya.  Great minds like Srinivasa Ramanujan, Prof.  S.  Chandrasekhar, C.V. Raman and others are also brought before us.  Dr. D.S.Kothari, Dr. Homi.J.Bhaabha and Dr.Vikram Sarabhai are portrayed here as great visionary scientists.  They are the founders of three great institutions--DRDO, DAE and ISRO.  There is a beautiful incident in the book narrated even more beautifully by Kalam, which describes how Dr. Bhabha met the Bishop and got the consent for acquiring the land where the church building stood as part of establishing the space research station in Thumba.     He ends this as follows ;  In the Sunday morning service the Bishop told the congregation, "My children I have a famous scientist with me who wants our church and the place I live for the work of space science and research.  Science seeks truth that enriches human life.[...] Children can we give them God's abode for a scientific mission?"  'There was silence for a while followed by a hearty "Amen" from the congregation which made the whole church reverberate.'  

Learning from Saints and Seers

The fusion of science and spirituality according to Kalam will do good for the humanity.  He had a detailed discussion with Pramukh Swami Maharaj of Swaminarayan Sanstha at Ahmedabad regarding this fusion, and the vision we should have as a nation.  He made several visits to different spirtual centres of India and sought for solutions.  Kalam Summarises this chapter; 'Our spiritual wisdom has been our strength.  We survived as a nation the onslaughts of invaders and the numbing effects of colonialism. [...] But in the process of all the adjustment, we also lowered our aims and expectations. We must regain our broad outlook and draw upon our heritage and wisdom to enrich our lives. [...] We need to home-grow our own model of development based on our inherent strengths.  

   Patriotism beyond Politics and Religion

"For great men,"  Kalam writes, "religion is a way of making friends; small people make religion a fighting tool."   The answer Kalam gives to a student at Anna University for the question that deals with Dr. Amartya Sen's stance against India's nuclear programme is logical and convncing.  Kalam asks,  "But after the long independence struggle when we got our freedom and the country got united and has physical boundaries, is it possible to remain with economic prosperity as the only goal?"     Patriotism must not be polluted by religion or politics.  

Bernard Shaw

George Bernard Shaw said “Patriotism is your conviction that this country is superior to all other countries because you were born in it.”   I was aware of this definition for a long time, and so when coming across Kalam's remarks on patriotism I paused for a while.  Kalam, I believe, thinks not of being superior to any other nations  but of being NOT inferior to.  Shaw is ideal but Kalam is practical. Shaw wrote books while Kalam made missiles.  In fact Kalam has writen books that are being sold well.  Hitler too was a patriot.  But it is obvious that Kalam is different kind of a patriot. Shaw excluded the good ones though he (Shaw) was a vegetarian. 

Kalam observes; "The greatest danger to our sense of unity and our sense of purpose comes from those ideologists who seek to divide the people. [...] It is when we accept India in all its splendid glory that, with a shared past as a base, we can look forward to a shared future of peace and prosperity, of creation and abundance. our past is there with us forever.  It has to be nurtured in good faith, not destroyed in excercises of political one-upmanship."

The Knowledge Society

In the twenty-first century capital and labour are replaced by knowledge as the primary production resource.  For Kalam a very important mission for India is to become a knowledge super power.  Ancient India was more than anything else a knowledge society, and naturally it fostered civilization.  Today India should regain the lost status of being a nation and civilization founded on knowledge.  

Getting the Forces Together

Kalam writes; " In India 2020 we have identified five areas where India has a core competence for integrated action."   These five areas are;
1.  agriculture and food processing,
2.  power,
3.  education and healthcare,
4.  information technology, and,
5.  strategic sector.

On 15 October 2000 a website was launched for Kalam.  He posted three questions; 
1)  India has been a developing country for more than half a century.  What would you as young boys and girls like to do to make it a developed India?

2)  When can I sing a song of India?
3)  Why do we love anything foreign in spite of our capabilities in many fields, whereas other countries celebrate their own successes?

From more than a hundred answers he received he discusses five answers.  The fifth answer is what the 30 per cent of the respondents said; 'the need for  greater transparency in various facets of our lives.'   This chapter is rich with the narration of incidents Kalam has had in his life. 

Building a New State

Kalam in this chapter shares an incident which shows the power of human mind.  He was to submit the design drawings for a project on designing a low-level attack aircraft.  But Kalam got delayed by more than two weeks in submitting his drawings.  Dr. Srinivasan was the Director of Madras Institute of Technology, and he realizing that Kalam was nowhere near completion of the drawing told Kalam that if he did not complete the work in three days his scholarship would be stopped.  Kalam was fully depending upon the scholarship, for the cost of education at MIT was high.  For the next three days he went out only for food and at night slept on a bench in the college.  Exactly after three days Dr.Srinivasan visited Kalam's drawing board.  He spent an hour examining what Kalam had done and said, "This is good.  You have performed a few weeks' work in a few days."   Kalam writes; Coming from, it was a great compliment. [...] I realized then that if something is at stake, the human mind gets ignited and working capacity gets enhanced manifold.

Building a new state must be carried out in a mission mode.  

To My Countrymen

I think it will be appropriate to include this chapter in the syllabuses of all Indian Universities and schools. He ends this chapter as follows:

"And to God the Almighty!  Make my people sweat.  Let their toil create many more Agnis that can annihilate evil. Let my country prosper in peace.  Let my people live in harmony.  Let me go to dust as a proud citizen of India, to rise again and rejoice in its glory."

END